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Last modified: 2012-10-13 by ivan sache
Keywords: united belgian states | brabantine revolution |
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![[1789 Belgian flag?]](../images/b/be!1789.gif)
Flag of the Brabantine Revolution, as shown on drawings - Image by Mark Sensen, 22 February 2004
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On 24 October 1789, the deposition of Emperor Joseph II was proclaimed
by the Insurrection Committee set up by the Belgian patriots (the uprising is known as the Brabantine Revolution). The Austrian garrisons were expelled from Ghent on 17 November and from Brussels on 13 December; on 21 November, Mons was proclaimed a "patriot" town and abandoned by the Austrians. The revolution was completed with the seizure of Namur and the entrance of Van der Noot's army in Brussels on 17 December.
On 21 December 1789, the States General of Hainaut issued a manifesto proclaiming the nation "free, independent and released from the oath
of allegiance to Joseph II". The manifesto bore the seals of the three
States, each of them being counter-sealed by a stamp bearing the arms
of Hainaut. The seals were appended by tassels of red, yellow and
black silk.
On 11 January 1790, the Belgian provinces signed a treaty of union and
set up the Congress of the United Belgian States. The treaty was
signed by representatives of the provinces of Brabant, Gelderland, West Flanders, Hainaut, Namur, Tournai, Tournaisis and Mechelen. The
Congress ordered a seal bearing the arms of the signatory provinces,
completed with the arms of Limburg, Luxembourg and Flanders.
The United Belgian States were short-lived because of the political
divisions among its rulers. Namur was seized without fighting by
Marshal de Bender on 25 November 1790, as was Mons on 30 November, and the
Austrian rule was quickly reestablished.
Source: E. Poncelet, Le drapeau des volontaires du Hainaut en 1790, 1908.
Ivan Sache, 26 April 2008
Flags with horizontal stripes were used during the Brabantine Revolution. On a drawing showing those flags, the colours are arranged red-black-yellow.
Mark Sensen, 22 February 2004
![[Reverse of the volunteer flag]](../images/b/be^vmsr.jpg)
![[Obverse of the volunteer flag]](../images/b/be^vmso.jpg)
Flag of Hainaut Volunteers, reverse (left) and obverse (right) - scans from Poncelet's Le drapeau des volontaires du Hainaut en 1790
Click on the flags to see larger images
The flag used by the Hainaut volunteers in 1790 is described in the
booklet Le drapeau des volontaires du Hainaut en 1790, published in 1908 by Édouard Poncelet (1908).
In his monography, Poncelet, Curator of the State Archives in
Mons, gives an historical account of the Brabantine Revolution,
with special emphasis on Hainaut and Mons, and then describes in
detail the flag and its history. Two plates placed in the beginning of
the booklet shows, in black and white, the obverse and the reverse of
the flag.
In Hainaut, allegiance to the new regime of the Belgian United States was not complete. Among the ceremonies set up to raise patriotism, the blessing of colours was
of particular significance. On 13 February 1790, the ceremony of
inauguration of the colours of the national troops and of the oath
of the patriotic milice, patroned by Mrs. Dirickx, wife of the General
Commander, was organized in the chapel of the Daughters of St. Mary in
Mons.
In Mons, the first volunteers' companies, set up on 25 November 1789
to defend the new state, were not successful. The pay offerred to the
volunteers caused a general abandon of the workshops useful to the war
effort, such as taneries and arms factories. On 2 January 1790, the
States of Hainaut disbanded the companies and asked the volunteers to
enroll in regular companies. In parallel, a corps of true volunteers,
not paid, was set up. On 23 January, four companies were set up in
Mons, while a fifth company was added in July. Following the example
of Mons, volunteers' companies were set up in several municipalities of
Hainaut in April-September (Jemappes, Leuze, Ath, Binche, Ghislenghien
and the neighbouring municipalities, Soignies, Élouges, Pommerœul,
Braine-le-Comte, Chimay, Obourg, Beaumont, Saint-Ghislain, Le Rœulx, Naast, Hornu, Silly, Frasnes-lez-Buissenal, Wasmes, Saint-Sauveur,
Dour, Chièvres and Enghien).
Most of these companies used as their colour a yellow flag with, on
one side, the arms of Hainaut, and on the other side, the name or the
arms of the municipality.
The new volunteers' companies, not really organized and disciplined,
were not too successful, and several problems broke out locally. For
instance, the sending of a company from Mons and Ath to Enghien
because of a risk of insurrection there caused protests; the States
recalled on 10 April to the Department of War that the volunteers of
Mons were not supposed to be stationed in other towns.
The volunteers of Mons asked for a colour, which was granted on 4
February 1790 by the States and confirmed by Decree on 8 April. The
officers of the company proposed a design for the flag and drafted a
proposal of ceremony, which as accepted on 22 July and slightly
modified the next day.
Upon request of the company's officers, the dames (the nuns of noble
origin) of the St. Waudru chapter accepted to patron the colour and to
bless it in the chapter church. As reported by Charles-François Le
Mayeur, priest at the St. Waudru church (Chapitre de Sainte-Waudru,
Mémorial du prêtre distributeur, folio 147), the ceremony took place
on 17 August, from 11:00 to 13:30:
[...] After the mass, the flag was blessed on a table placed in the middle of the nave. The abbot drove in three nails [to fix the flag to the hoist] to honour the Holy Trinity, Miss de Croix, the second elder, drove in one nail to honour the Blessed Virgin, Miss d'Argenteau, the third elder, [drove one nail] to honour St. Waudru, and the other dames, one after the other, [drove one nail each] to honour their prefered saint.[...]
The flag is 1.65 x 1.65 m, made of a double-sided piece of white silk,
oil-painted and gilded. The obverse and the reverse have a black-
yellow-red border.
The obverse of the flag bears the shield of arms of Hainaut
("Quarterly, 1. and 4. Or a lion sable armed and langued gules, 2. and
3. Or a lion gules armed and langued sable"), surmounted by a crown
with 21 pearls, three of them (left, middle and right) protruding
upwards. The shield is surrounding by flags and lies on cannons. The
motto "L'union fait la force" (Unity makes strength) is written on a
ribbon placed under the shield.
The shield of Hainaut is surrounded by the shields of arms of the 14
Good Towns (bonnes villes) of Hainaut, from left to right:
(left)
- Lessines, "Gules four fesses or a key argent per pale all over";
- Soignies, "Per pale, Vert a cross argent, Or three chevrons sable";
- Enghien, "Gyronny sable and argent ten pieces";
- Saint-Ghislain, "Per pale, Or an half-eagle sable armed beaked and
langued gules, Azure three fleurs-de-lis or";
- Chimai [Chimay], "Gules a sword argent per bend hilted or";
- Binche, "Or a lion sable";
(top)
- Mons, "Gules a castle argent on a terrace vert, under the gate, a
watchdog";
- Ath, "Or a double-headed eagle sable beaked and langued gules,
bearing an escutcheon or a lion sable";
(right)
- Braine-le-Comte, "Argent a crenelled tower sable";
- Beaumont, "Or a castle argent on a terrace vert";
- Le Rœulx, "Or three lions gules";
- Hal (Halle, today in Flemish Brabant), "Quarterly, 1. Azure a Blessed Virgin argent, 2. and 3. Hainaut, 4. Lozengy azure and argent";
- Leuze, "Argent a lion azure billety of the same";
- Chièvres, "Gules three lions argent".
Most of these arms have been kept by the modern municipalities and are
the source of the municipal flag (complete design, elements, or
colours).
The reverse of the flag bears a reddish cross, surrounded by a sun.
The motto "Nous vaincrons sous ce signe", the adaptation to French of
Constantine's labarum motto In hoc signo vinceres (with "we" instead
of "you"), is written on a ribbon placed under the cross.
The name of the painter who realized the flag has not been recorded;
according to the accounts of the State of Hainaut for year 1790, the
painter Malherbe was usually commissioned for such items.
P.P.J. Harmignie (Mémoires sur l'histoire de la ville de Mons,
1789-1801 - published in 1882 by Jules De Le Court et Charles Roussel)
gives a different rendition of the flag. The obverse is described as
bearing the joint shields of Hainaut and Mons (instead of the shield
of Hainaut alone) and the motto as "L'union en fait la force" (instead of
"L'union fait la force"). The reverse is described as bearing an angel
holding a cross with the writing "Vous vaincrez par ce signe".
Poncelet does not believe that two different flags were blessed during
the ceremony, even if the ceremony was announced on 12 August as "the
blessing of the flags", because all the other available written
records mention only one flag. We should, of course, consider
Poncelet's description as the right one, since there are photographies
of the flag in his booklet.
After the reestablishment of the Austrian rule, the volunteers' companies were
disbanded. The flag of the Hainaut volunteers' company was transferred to the States of
Hainaut, and later to the State Archives in Mons.
In 1940, a blaze caused by the German bombings destroyed more than 90%
of the State Archives of Mons. The volunteers' company flag has not
been seen again since. The images and descriptions by Édouard Poncelet
might be the only source on this flag.
According to Poncelet, only five flags from the Brabantine Revolution
have been kept, all of them in the Royal Museum of Decorative Arts in Brussels.
Ivan Sache, 26 April 2008
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