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Hamburg Historical Naval Flags - part 1 (1270 - ca. 1700)

Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg

Last modified: 2020-05-13 by klaus-michael schneider
Keywords: hamburg | castle(white) | castle(red) | tower(white) | flueger | lion(golden) | reguardant | supporter |
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• Hanseatic pennants(Flüger)
• Convoyers
• Hanging Flag mid-13th Century
• Hamburg since 1270
• Hamburg since 1500
• Hamburg since 1500 variant
• Flag with shield Hamburg 1568
• Naval Ensign reported 1619
• War Ensign reported 1637
• Hamburg 1644
• Flags of convoy ship 'LEOPOLDUS PRIMUS' reported 1669
• White flag with Greater Arms 1669
• Red masthead pennant 1669
• Red flag 1669
• Flags of convoy ship 'WAPEN VON HAMBURG' (no.I) reported 1669
• White flag 1669
• White masthead pennant 1669
• White Naval Ensign reported 1675
• White Naval Ensign reported 1683
• 17th Century Flag (reported 1685, 1700 and 1705)
• 17th Century Flag (reported 1687 and 1702)
• Flag with Cantonreported 1688
• 17th-19th Centuries Flag (reported 1695, 1750, 1805, 1848 and 1862)
• 17th Century Blue Ensign
• Red Ensign reported 1700

• Hamburg
• Hanseatic Cities (Germany, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland)
• Historical Flags (Germany)
• Germany

Hanseatic pennants(Flüger)

"Flüger" also "Flügel" or "Vlugher" are small pennants that were hoisted in the top of the mainmast of a vessel and fixed by a wooden frame, so they were not able to oscillate. I don't know the ratio of those pennants. Some may have been splitflags, some may have been trapeziums, some may have been triangular or even rectangular. The vessels of Hamburg were the first ones hoisting a "Flüger".
In the "Hamburger Schiffsrecht von 1270 " (oldest naval law about flags in Germany) you can read:

"Ein jewelc user unghere scal uoren enen ruden ulgher. So we so des nicht ne deit, de scal id beteren bi III marken silu'es uo der stat koze. He ne leoghe ene neder doz an ghestes willen. So welc gast och enen ruden ulugher uozer, de scal gheuen al so uele wert he an useme rechte de claghet."

The language is probably Mittelniederdeutsch which was the commercial language used e.g. for treaties by the merchants of the Hanse league in those days. The letter "u" is sometimes used instead of the letter "v".
Translation:
"Everyone of our citizens shall hoist a red pennant (=vlugher/ulugher), those who do not do so shall be punished by a fee of 3 Marks in silver for communal purposes, except they have pulled down the flag in case of danger. If a foreigner hoists a red pennant, he shall pay the same fee, when he is accused by our court."

Afterwards also other towns of the Hansa used pennants as distinguishing marks of their own vessels. The following five images are based upon the paintings of E.Paschke. The genuine source of the pennants I don't know. The years added to the single pennants are probably those years the pennants were reported. All pennants are depicted as trapeziums.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 28 Nov 2005

Convoyers

After the decline of Hansa League the people of Hamburg became aware of the fact that the had to get in charge of military protection at sea by own efforts. In 1623 the admiralty was established. In 17th century the trade with the peninsula suffered seriously under attacks of North African pirates. First operating offshore of Africa the pirates exceeded their operation area all over Eastern Atlantic, the Channel straight up to the German Bight. Though merchant ships were armoured, they were overpowered by pirates, who robbed the cargo and kidnapped the crews in order to sell them on African slave markets. After having released slaves by money of a special budget, finally Hamburg decided to built up own frigates in order to accompany the Hamburg merchant vessels.
The construction of the "LEOPOLDUS PRIMUS" had been finished in 1668, of its sister "WAPEN VON HAMBURG"(no.1) (niederdtsch; engl. = weapons/arms of Hamburg) had been finished one year later. The latter was commanded by Hamburg's sea hero B. Karpfanger, who died, when his ship exploded in in the Bay of Càdiz on 10 October 1683.
"LEOPOLDUS PRIMUS" remained in service until 1703.
Later the following ships had been built:
"WAPEN VON HAMBURG"(no.2) (1686-1718); "ADMIRALITÄT VON HAMBURG" (=admiralty of Hamburg)(1691-1728), dismantled in 1738 and finally sold in 1748, "DIE HOFFNUNG"(=hope) aka "ESPERANZA"(1697-1716), "WAPEN VON HAMBURG"(no.3) (1722-1738) and finally "WAPEN VON HAMBURG"(no.4) (1740-1777), which undertook only one voyage in 1746. Afterwards the protection of Hamburg merchants was realized by the French fleet based on a treaty between France and Hamburg.
Source: Peter Tamm: "Hamburgs Convoyschiffe"
published in: Jörg Duppler; editor : "Hamburg zur See - maritime und militärische Beiträge zur Geschichte Hamburgs"; publ. in Herford, Bonn 1989
ISBN 3 - 8132 - 0318 - 2. p.45 - 52

About the flags below reported 1669:
The white flags and the masthead pennants taken from the paintings of Suhr seem to be doubtful. The underlines are containing some serious mistakes. Suhr dates his image 1669, when both ships had not yet been finished. Furthermore the "LEOPOLDUS PRIMUS " is denoted as "KAISER LEOPOLD " and both vessels are denoted as ""last orlog ships " being indeed the first ones.
I can say nothing, whether the red flag of "LEOPOLDUS PRIMUS" in Hamburgmuseum is trustworthy.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 14 May 2010

Hanging Flag mid-13th Century

Znamierowski 1999 and Znamierowski 2001, (German translation), p.13 are showing several interesting flags of the Port Cities of northern Europe. These are derived from gonfanons, originally red in color. The flags, in a banner form [i.e. hanging flags], were flown from the stern of the vessels, the mast carrying the gonfanon of the colours. The oldest of the series that Znamierowski 1999 shows dates from the mid-13th century, that of Hamburg.

Phil Nelson, 20 Feb 2000

The German editors of Norie and Hobbs 1971 added two charts (which were not originally in Norie and Hobbs 1848) with German flags that were important over time. One of them is no. 30, Flüger: Hamburg 1270, as the above flag, but extended horizontally to a long flying flag. I believe a Flüger is a pennant of which the part near the hoist fixed to a piece of wood, and that is indeed how these are pictured in Norie and Hobbs 1971.
Peter Hans van der Muijzenberg, 12 Nov 2001

Source of following five images:
Poster entitled: "Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der als deutsche Nationalflaggen auf See gefahrenen und von den seefahrenden Nationen anerkannten deutschen Kriegs- und Handelsflaggen",
(engl: "The historical evolution of those German national flags used on ships and recognized as German war flags or merchant flags by the naval nations",
edited by Deutsches Schifffahrtsmuseum Bremerhaven, 1981, based on an original version of Kapitän zur See a.D. Karl Schultz, all flags on the poster are painted by E. Paschke, all the pictures are all fairly small,approximated size a little bit more than 3 cm².The poster was still available up till 27 Dec 2003.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 28 Nov 2005

Hamburg since 1270

1) Hamburg since 1270: A plain red pennant, see above, from: Hamburger Schiffsrecht von 1270.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 28 Nov 2005

Hamburg since 1500

2) Hamburg since 1500: A plain red pennant with a white shield shifted to the hoist, in the shield there is a red castle with an open black gate and three towers.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 28 Nov 2005

Hamburg since 1500 variant

3) Hamburg since 1500: The same as no. 2 (based on Paschke) with one difference: the castle has two red doorsteps, the castle is the same like that on the 1568-flag of Hamburg, which is also based on the paintings of Paschke.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 28 Nov 2005

Flag with shield Hamburg 1568

The German editors of Norie and Hobbs 1971 added two charts (which were not originally in Norie and Hobbs 1848) with German flags that were important over time. One of them is no. 20, Hamburg 1568: red flag, offset a silver shield with a red three-towered with black gate and windows black, standing on red ground.

Hamburg 1568: It is a plain red flag with a white shield shifted to the hoist. In the shield there is a red gate with an open black door and three towers, each with a single black window. The castle has two red doorsteps.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 15 Oct 2007

Naval Ensign reported 1619

In the centre of the red flag is a white shield containing a red Hamburg castle. The shield is surrounded by a golden wreath of laurel and topped by a coronet of the same colour. The ensign is on the stern of a flagship. Wreath and coronet probably are the owner's attempts to give it a personal touch.
Source: Reincke 1926 based upon copper engraving of the city's panorama by Kaerius (1619)
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 26 Aug 2013

War Ensign reported 1637

The ratio was 8:11. It was a red flag displaying an arm with a sword. This ensign is mentioned together within Reincke 1926 and Stadler 1966. Danish King Christian IV in 1637 made a suggestion to replace the Danebrog on his ships by an imperial eagle with a Holstein nettle leaf, if Hamburg would replace the war ensign mentioned above and adopt a flag displaying the nettle leaf. The war ensign was mentioned a 2nd time within the inventory of a Hamburgian convoy ship. The ratio was given within the inventory and a description just saying "with arm and sword", while there had been no image of that flag. Thus my image is based upon the reconstruction as given by Reincke.
Source:Reincke 1926
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 25 Aug 2013

Hamburg 1644

Hamburg 1644: It is a plain red flag with a white gate on it shifted to the hoist. The gate has three towers with black windows and probably white crosses on the tops of the left and right tower, probably a white double cross on the mid tower. In the basement there are black (open windows) and one white (closed) window. The door of the gate/ castle is open.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 15 Oct 2007

Flags of convoy ship 'LEOPOLDUS PRIMUS' reported 1669

White flag with Greater Arms 1669

The flag shows in a white field a red castle with open gate supported by two golden(=yellow) rampant reguardant lions, standing on a basement of the same colour.

Red masthead pennant 1669

It is a red pennant with a white castle with open gate at the hoist. The ratio is approx 1:14. It is a swallow tail pennant. The ratio between unsplit and split part is appox 5:9.
Source: coloured painting of Christopher und Peter Suhr, depicted on this website

Red flag 1669

It is a red flag with a white castle with open gate in the upper hoist corner.
Source: I spotted this flag upon the stern of a model of the "LEOPOLDUS PRIMUS" in Hamburgmuseum on 9 August 2008.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 14 May 2010

Flags of convoy ship 'WAPEN VON HAMBURG' (no.I) reported 1669

White flag 1669

The flag shows in a white field a red castle with open gate.

White masthead pennant 1669

It is a white pennant with a a red castle with open gate at the hoist. The ratio is approx 1:14. It is a swallow tail pennant. The ratio between unsplit and split part is appox 5:9.
Source: coloured painting of Christopher und Peter Suhr, depicted on this website
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 14 May 2010

White Naval Ensign reported 1675

It was a white flag displaying three red towers ordered 1:2 and connected by a thin red stripe.
Source: Reincke 1926 based upon a painting of Peter Hessels from 1675
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 25 Aug 2013

White Naval Ensign reported 1683

It was a white flag with a, according to the description, dark red castle in the canton. This flag together with masthead flags with a centred castle are depicted in a picture illustrating the funeral of Hamburg's sea-hero B. Karpfanger in Cadiz (Spain).
Source: Reincke 1926 based upon a painting of Peter Hessels from 1683
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 25 Aug 2013

17th Century Flag (Reported 1685, 1700 and 1705)

Red with a single white tower at center.
Source: Wilson 1986 p. 69 and National Geographic 1917 p. 371, no. 1154.

17th Century Flag (Reported 1687 and 1702)

It was a red flag with ratio 1:2, showing three white towers, one above and two below, reported by C.F. Gaedechens according to sources given below.
Sources: 1) Desroches: "Dictionnaire des termes propres de Marine" (1687) and 2) Aubin: "Dictionnaire de Marine" (1702) denoted as other flag of Hamburg
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 13 Sep 2012

Flag with Canton reported 1688

It was a red flag having a white canton with a red, masoned castle.
Source: Reincke 1926, based upon Reverend Döler:"Schiffahrt des menschlichen Lebens" (Shipping of Human Life)
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 25 Aug 2013

17th-19th Centuries Flag (Reported 1695, 1750, 1805, 1848 and 1862)

Red with a single white city gate with 3 towers at center.
Source: Illustrated in Smith 1975 p. 204.
Norman Martin, Jan-Feb 1998

17th Century Blue Ensign

It is a blue ensign displaying a white Hamburg castle with stairs, ajar portcullis and three towers without stars and cross.
Source: Reincke 1926, no primordial source provided
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 26 Aug 2013

Red Ensign reported 1700

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